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Melanotan 2 | Reviews, Clinical Trials, and Safety

Melanotan 2 | Reviews, Clinical Trials, and Safety Melanotan 2 is a synthetic peptide studied for various research applications, including tanning of the skin and sexual arousal. Compound Overview Class of Compound: Peptide Mechanism of Action: Melanotan II is

By Recovery & Performance Peptides Editorial Team

Melanotan 2 | Reviews, Clinical Trials, and Safety

Melanotan 2 is a synthetic peptide studied for various research applications, including tanning of the skin and sexual arousal.

Compound Overview

Class of Compound:

Peptide

Mechanism of Action:

Melanotan II is an agonist of melanocortin receptors 1 and 4 (MC-1R and MC-4R), which respectively regulate melanin production and male erectile function. It is also believed to stimulate MC-3R, which affects appetite and energy levels.

Notable Studies:

Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide in a pilot phase-I clinical study

Melanocortin receptor agonists, penile erection, and sexual motivation: human studies with Melanotan 2

An unhealthy glow? A review of Melanotan use and associated clinical outcomes

Also Known As

Melanotan-II, MT II, MT-II, Melanotan (MT)-II, 121062-08-6.

Research Applications:

Skin tanning

Sexual arousal

Appetite control

Compulsive/addictive behavior

Cognitive disorders

Risks:

No long-term safety studies

Uneven skin pigmentation

Development of new moles or darkening of preexisting moles

Chemical Structure

What is Melanotan 2?

Melanotan 2 is a synthetic analogue of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). The molecule was first developed in the 1980s by University of Arizona researchers, who were looking to clarify the nature and role of the melanocortin receptors in physiological functions. Namely, the peptide was intended to be used as a sunless tanning agent, but was subsequently found to strongly affect sexual function and appetite [1].

Melanotan 2 (MT-II) should not be confused with another α-MSH analogue, melanotan I (MT-I), which is a linear peptide of 13 amino acids in length. MT-I is identical to α-MSH except that it features norleucine instead of methionine in the fourth position, and D-phenylalanine instead of L-phenylalanine in the seventh position.

In contrast, MT II is a cyclic truncated peptide of just seven amino acids and features a lactam ring [1].

What Does Melanotan 2 Do?

While the bulk of research on both melanotan molecules has focused on their role as a tanning agent and corresponding potential to lower the risk of skin cancer [2], clinical studies involving MT-II have investigated its abilities to decrease appetite, increase libido, and diagnose and treat male erectile dysfunction [1, 3].

Melanotan II is up to 1000 times more potent than endogenous α-MSH, binding to the body’s melanocortin receptors in varying degrees, exerting varied effects. MT-II binds primarily to the MC1 and MC4 receptors, and to a lesser extent to MC3. Here is a rundown of the receptors in play:

MC1triggers the darkening of the skin and hair.

MC3 is involved in the regulation of appetite and energy.

MC4 affects sexual behavior and male erectile function.

According to studies, MT-II increases pigmentation at a lower cumulative dose than MT-I but has been associated with increased side effects, namely as regards satiety and sexual behavor [4].

As noted by Mahiques-Santos, the higher incidence of side effects associated with MT-II is due to its being less receptor-specific than MT-I [1]. Palatin Technologies has developed a variation of MT-II called bremelanotide (PT-141), which exhibits MT-II’s specific benefits related to sexual stimulation [4].

Melanotan 2 Benefits | Clinical Trials

Melanotan II is well-studied and its benefits well-documented:

Increased rate of skin tanning: Melanotan II is known to stimulate the production of melanin, the substance in the skin that determines the rate of tanning and helps prevent sunburn. A 2015 review of melanotan use and associated clinical outcomes identified eighteen clinical trials and twenty-one clinical case presentations demonstrating melanotan II’s action as a synthetic tanning agent [4].

For instance, in a pilot phase-I clinical study by Dorr et al., three subjects were subcutaneously administered a starting dose of 0.01 mg/kg of MT-II, followed by daily injections of MT-II or placebo for two consecutive weeks. The observed effects included increased tanning, supporting the effectiveness of MT-II as a sunless tanning agent, administered at low doses every other day [5].

Potential treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED): In a seminal study on the effects of MT-II on sexual function by Wessells H et al., the peptide was administered to 20 men with erectile dysfunction. The study measured penile rigidity and levels of sexual desire, while side effects were self-reported. According to the authors, 17 out of 20 men experienced the desired outcome of penile erection [6].

A 2006 study by Giuliano et al. found that injections of melanotan 2 (0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg) elicited erectile events in anesthetized rats. Researchers noted that MT-2 also shortened the latency of the first erectile event to occur, concluding that the peptide recruited the central and peripheral melanocortin pathways to achieve this effect [7].

However, as noted by Mahiques-Santos, while melanotan II has been investigated as a potential ED treatment, it has been largely superseded by a nasally administered molecule (PT-141, Palatin Technologies), an active metabolite of the molecule [1]. There is nonetheless strong research interest in MT-2 as a potential treatment of erectile dysfunction.

Potential autism treatment: A 2019 study by Minakova et al. found that melanotan II reversed autistic features in a maternal immune activation (MIA) mouse model of autism. Researchers continuously administered melanotan II to male MIA mice for seven days and observed a “rescue of social behavioral metrics.'' The authors concluded that MT-II was an effective agent for improving autism-like behavioral deficits in the MIA mouse model of autism, suggesting that further research in this area is warranted [8].

Buy Melanotan 2 from a top-rated vendor...

Melanotan 2 Side Effects

Melanotan II side effects have been documented in a number of clinical studies and case presentations, as summarized below.

In the Dorr study, three healthy male subjects were subcutaneously administered 0.01 mg/kg of MT-II daily for two consecutive weeks, with one, two, or all three experiencing [5]:

Somnolence

Fatigue

Nausea

Stretching

Yawning

Spontaneous penile erections

According to the Wessells et al. study (2000), in which MT-II side effects were self-reported, frequent side effects included nausea and yawning, with a low percentage of the men experiencing severe nausea [6].

Development of new nevi (moles) and changes to pre-existing ones

Several researchers have documented cases where MT-II administration caused the development of new pigmented nevi or pre-existing nevi to grow and darken in color.

For example, Brennan et al. (2015) summarized key findings from a number of clinical case presentations where MT-II caused the darkening of existing nevi. In one such case presentation, Cardones, A.R. and Grichnik, J.M. (2009) documented the case of a 40-year-old male bodybuilder with a medical history of melanoma and multiple dysplastic nevi who reported using melanotan II for competition tan. This male presented with new pigmented nevi and pre-existing nevi also grew and darkened in color; however, these issues subsided once MT-II injections were discontinued [4].

One case of eruptive melanocytic nevi was summarized by Cousin et al. (2009) [9], while Langan et al. (2010) noted that MT-II may produce rapidly pigmenting nevi [10].

Evans-Brown et al. and Langan et al. both described changes to skin moles as one of the potentially harmful effects of melanotan II [11, 12].

Melanotan-induced priapism

In one case study, Dreyer et al. described a single case of melanotan-induced priapism resulting from MT-2 use. The patient presented with acute priapism following abdominal subcutaneous injection of MT-II. According to the authors, the priapism was “low-flow” and managed with cavernosal aspiration and irrigation, followed by intracavernosal injection of phenylephrine. While the patient did not require surgical shunting, he did not recover erectile function when a four-week follow-up was conducted [13].

Is Melanotan 2 Safe?

Melanotan II has not been approved for use in humans by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) nor by any of its international regulatory counterparts. Additionally, there is a clear lack of studies into the long-term safety of melanotan II administration.

That said, in published research to date, melanotan II administration has produced minor side effects such as fatigue, nausea, and yawning, and has not been associated with serious adverse events when administered to healthy subjects.

In any event, due caution is required when administering melanotan-II, and it should only be handled by qualified researchers or laboratory professionals.

Melanotan 2 Dosage Calculator

To achieve tanning of the skin, research suggests a melanotan 2 dosage range of 250mcg to 500mcg per day, injected subcutaneously. For testing on a first-time melanotan II subject, it is important to start with the lowest dose possible, before increasing as needed to achieve the desired outcome.

Melanotan II should not be administered indefinitely or continuously, regardless of the research application.

The peptide is commonly administered in conjunction with supplementary tanning sessions. Some researchers suggest that it should only be administered on supplementary tanning session days, and that the melanotan II injection should precede supplementary tanning sessions by about one hour at most.

Where to Buy Melanotan 2 Online? | 2024 Edition

While there are a number of legitimate vendors that stock research-grade melanotan 2, there has unfortunately been a rise in contaminated, adulterated, and/or mislabeled peptides, sold by questionable overseas vendors.

Accordingly, we advise researchers to conduct due diligence before purchasing melanotan 2 online.

To assist our readers, we have tested the top peptide sources online and fully recommend the following vendor.

Xcel Peptides

Here’s why we recommend Xcel Peptides for the purchase of melanotan 2 and other compounds:

Lab-Tested MT-2: Xcel Peptides subjects all of their compounds to both in-house and third-party laboratory testing. The corresponding lab reports are posted online to let researchers know the exact purity of the melanotan 2 listed for sale.

Reasonable Prices: Xcel Peptides sells vials of MT-2 10mg for just $39 each, which is some of the best pricing in the research peptides industry currently.

Secure Payments: Xcel Peptides accepts a range of payment options, including credit cards, cryptocurrencies, PayPal, and Venmo.

Friendly Customer Service: Xcel Peptides' staff are available by phone, chat, and email, and typically respond to all written inquiries within 24 hours.

In our team’s experience, Xcel Peptides sells 99% pure melanotan 2 and can reliably deliver within the United States and internationally. This makes them a fantastic choice for researchers looking to work with MT-2.

FAQ

When administered as a sunless tanning agent, Melanotan II administered subcutaneously on a daily basis until the desired outcome is achieved.

Melanotan 2 powder is sold in vials. The powder must be reconstituted using bacteriostatic or sterile water, before being administered subcutaneously.

Melanotan 2 must be reconstituted with bacteriostatic or sterile water prior to use. Unused reconstituted MT-2 must be refrigerated.

For qualified researchers based in the United States, purchasing melanotan II from an online peptide supplier for study is legal.

Melanotan 2 is sold as a research chemical for experimentation and in vitro studies only. When purchased from a reliable vendor, it should be research-grade material and not contaminated, nor adulterated.

Melanotan 2 is an effective sunless tanning agent, and has shown promise as a treatment of erectile dysfunction, autism, and a range of other conditions, based on literature dating back to the 1980s. When sourced from a reputable vendor, melanotan II is 99%+ pure and free of impurities.

No, melanotan II is not an anabolic androgenic-steroid. It is a peptide analogue of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone.

No, melanotan 2 is not known to cause muscle gain in test subjects.

No, melanotan 2 is not known to cause weight gain in test subjects.

Melanotan 2 | Reviews

Melanotan II is known to increase rates of tanning while reducing UV-related skin damage. It has shown promise as a treatment of erectile dysfunction and autism, among other conditions.

Researchers interested in further exploring melanotan II will note that this peptide does not have as favorable a safety profile as melanotan I, as the former has been linked to a greater incidence of side effects in test subjects.

Given the small sample sizes and short durations of the studies on MT-II date, further research into its benefits and side effects is warranted.

To order melanotan II for research purposes today, check out the most reliable vendor we’ve encountered to date.

References

Mahiques-Santos L. Melanotan [Melanotan]. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2012 May;103(4):257-9. Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.08.002. Epub 2011 Nov 1. PMID: 22051769.

Hadley ME, Dorr RT. Melanocortin peptide therapeutics: historical milestones, clinical studies and commercialization. Peptides. 2006 Apr;27(4):921-30. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.01.029. Epub 2006 Jan 18. PMID: 16412534.

Dorr RT, Ertl G, Levine N, Brooks C, Bangert JL, Powell MB, Humphrey S, Alberts DS. Effects of a superpotent melanotropic peptide in combination with solar UV radiation on tanning of the skin in human volunteers. Arch Dermatol. 2004 Jul;140(7):827-35. doi: 10.1001/archderm.140.7.827. PMID: 15262693.

Brennan, R., Wells, J. G., & Van Hout, M. C. (2014). An unhealthy glow? A review of melanotan use and associated clinical outcomes. Performance Enhancement & Health, 3(2), 78–92.

Dorr RT, Lines R, Levine N, Brooks C, Xiang L, Hruby VJ, Hadley ME. Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide in a pilot phase-I clinical study. Life Sci. 1996;58(20):1777-84. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(96)00160-9. PMID: 8637402.

Wessells H, Levine N, Hadley ME, Dorr R, Hruby V. Melanocortin receptor agonists, penile erection, and sexual motivation: human studies with Melanotan II. Int J Impot Res. 2000 Oct;12 Suppl 4:S74-9. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3900582. PMID: 11035391.

Giuliano F, Clément P, Droupy S, Alexandre L, Bernabé J. Melanotan-II: Investigation of the inducer and facilitator effects on penile erection in anaesthetized rat. Neuroscience. 2006;138(1):293-301. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.11.008. Epub 2005 Dec 19. PMID: 16360286.

Minakova E, Lang J, Medel-Matus JS, Gould GG, Reynolds A, Shin D, Mazarati A, Sankar R. Melanotan-II reverses autistic features in a maternal immune activation mouse model of autism. PLoS One. 2019 Jan 10;14(1):e0210389. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210389. PMID: 30629642; PMCID: PMC6328175.

Cousen P, Colver G, Helbling I. Eruptive melanocytic naevi following melanotan injection. Br J Dermatol. 2009 Sep;161(3):707-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09362.x. Epub 2009 Jul 2. PMID: 19575725.

Langan EA, Nie Z, Rhodes LE. Melanotropic peptides: more than just 'Barbie drugs' and 'sun-tan jabs'? Br J Dermatol. 2010 Sep;163(3):451-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09891.x. Epub 2010 Jun 9. PMID: 20545686.

Evans-Brown M, Dawson RT, Chandler M, McVeigh J. Use of melanotan I and II in the general population. BMJ. 2009 Feb 17;338:b566. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b566. PMID: 19224885.

Langan EA, Ramlogan D, Jamieson LA, Rhodes LE. Change in moles linked to use of unlicensed "sun tan jab". BMJ. 2009 Jan 27;338:b277. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b277. PMID: 19174439.

Dreyer BA, Amer T, Fraser M. Melanotan-induced priapism: a hard-earned tan. BMJ Case Rep. 2019 Feb 21;12(2):e227644. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-227644. PMID: 30796078; PMCID: PMC6388891.

CONNECTED / MODULES

Post-session references

Selected from shared article topics. Source links are retained where available.

01

Handling & safety lane

Source-derived education, not individual medical guidance or an instruction to dose.

PROCEDURE

How to Draw Melanotan-2 from Vial — Safe Reconstitution Steps

A 2023 analysis of self-administered peptide protocols found that 62% of dosing inconsistencies traced back to reconstitution and draw errors. Not injection technique. The problem isn't sterility during the first draw; it's the cumulative contamination risk introduced across multiple draws when users fail to equalise vial pressure correctly. One mistake compounds with every dose. We've worked with researchers and peptide users across hundreds of protocols in this space. The gap between doing it right and compromising peptide integrity comes down to three factors most guides never mention: pressure management, needle gauge selection, and the order of air introduction relative to solution draw. This article covers the exact steps to draw Melanotan-2 from vial without introducing contamination, how to calculate accurate dosing from lyophilised powder, and what preparation mistakes degrade the peptide before you even inject it. How do you draw Melanotan-2 from vial safely? To draw Melanotan-2 from vial, first reconstitute the lyophilised powder with bacteriostatic water using a 1mL insulin syringe, inject air equal to the volume you'll withdraw to equalise pressure, insert the needle at a 45-degree angle into the rubber stopper, and draw slowly to avoid shearing forces that denature the peptide. The reconstituted solution must be refrigerated at 2–8°C and used within 28 days to maintain potency. Most guides stop at 'mix the powder with water'. That's insufficient. Melanotan-2 is…
DOSAGE SOURCE

Pigmentation Saturation: The 4–6 Week Plateau and Maintenance Dosing

Full pigmentation saturation. The point at which additional MT-2 dosing produces no further darkening. Occurs at 4–6 weeks for most users following consistent daily protocols. At this stage, melanocytes have reached maximum tyrosinase activity, melanosomes are fully loaded, and keratinocytes in the stratum corneum contain peak melanin content. Continuing daily loading doses beyond this point increases systemic exposure without enhancing pigmentation, which is why evidence-based protocols transition to maintenance dosing at week 5–6. Maintenance dosing varies by individual melanocyte density and UV exposure. Standard maintenance is 0.25–0.5mg administered 1–3 times weekly. Users who combine MT-2 with regular UV exposure (natural sunlight or controlled tanning beds) can maintain saturation at the lower end of this range. Those avoiding UV entirely require the higher end. And even then, pigmentation fades 15–25% over 8–12 weeks without sun exposure, because melanin degradation in keratinocytes continues while new melanin synthesis slows. The half-life of Melanotan-2 in human plasma is approximately 33 minutes following subcutaneous injection, but receptor occupancy persists for 6–12 hours due to high-affinity MC1R binding. This means the biological effect outlasts the pharmacokinetic presence of the peptide in circulation. Clinical observations suggest that pigmentation maintenance requires sustained MC1R stimulation 2–3 times weekly minimum. Less frequent dosing results in gra…
02

Question drills

Open a question for its connected answer.

01What If My Vial Looks Cloudy or Discolored After Reconstitution?+

Do not inject cloudy or discolored peptide. Cloudiness indicates bacterial contamination (if using non-bacteriostatic water) or protein aggregation from temperature excursion during shipping or storage. Discoloration (yellowing, browning) signals oxidative degradation of amino acid residues, particularly methionine and tryptophan. Melanotan-2 should be clear and colorless immediately after reconstitution and remain so under refrigeration. Contaminated or oxidized peptide can trigger immune responses ranging from injection-site inflammation to systemic hypersensitivity. Discard the vial, verify your bacteriostatic water source, and ensure lyophilised powder was stored at −20°C before reconstitution.

SOURCE / realpeptides.co ↗
02What If My Reconstituted Melanotan-2 Turned Cloudy or Developed Visible Particles?+

Discard it immediately. Cloudiness or particulate formation indicates peptide aggregation, microbial contamination, or precipitation due to pH drift. Aggregated peptides cannot refold into functional conformations and are biologically inactive. Cloudiness that appears immediately after reconstitution suggests improper reconstitution technique (too much agitation) or incompatible solvent. Cloudiness that develops over days indicates oxidation-induced aggregation or bacterial growth if non-bacteriostatic water was used.

SOURCE / realpeptides.co ↗
03What If a Subject Experiences Persistent Nausea and Facial Flushing Beyond Initial Administration?+

These symptoms indicate melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) cross-reactivity producing off-target effects. Melanotan-2 shows approximately 100-fold selectivity for MC1R over MC4R, but individual receptor expression patterns vary. Reduce dose by 50% (e.g., 0.25mg to 0.125mg per administration) and extend interval between doses to 48–72 hours. Administer doses in evening before sleep to minimize conscious experience of transient effects. If symptoms persist at reduced dosing, consider switching to Melanotan 1, which demonstrates higher MC1R selectivity with reduced MC4R binding. This analog produces comparable melanogenesis with lower adverse event rates in sensitive individuals.

SOURCE / realpeptides.co ↗
04What If the Research Protocol Requires Dose Administration Outside Standard 7-Day Intervals?+

Adjust injection frequency based on your specific endpoints, but maintain consistent timing within your protocol. MT-2's relatively short plasma half-life (33 minutes) means steady-state receptor activation requires daily or more frequent dosing if sustained melanocortin signaling is desired. For acute studies examining immediate post-injection effects, single-dose protocols are appropriate. But recognize that observed effects beyond 4–6 hours reflect downstream signaling cascades rather than direct receptor occupancy. Document your dosing interval clearly in methods sections because replication requires exact timing. Inter-dose intervals significantly affect cumulative outcomes in multi-day protocols.

SOURCE / realpeptides.co ↗
05What If My Tanning Results Are Uneven or Patchy?+

Uneven pigmentation occurs when melanocyte density varies across body regions or when peptide distribution is inconsistent due to improper injection technique. Rotate injection sites (abdomen, thighs, upper arms) to ensure systemic distribution rather than localised depot formation. If patchiness persists after four weeks at maintenance dose, the issue is likely intrinsic melanocyte variability. Some individuals have naturally uneven melanocyte distribution, which melanotan-2 will reveal rather than correct. UV exposure does not fix this; it simply adds a UV-induced tan layer on top of the peptide-induced base, which fades unevenly as well.

SOURCE / realpeptides.co ↗
03

Evidence cooldown

Research context and source excerpts for a slower second read.

RESEARCH

DNA Damage Reduction Studies

The key mechanistic question in photoprotection research is whether MT-II-stimulated melanogenesis reduces UV-induced DNA damage in skin cells. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies: Human melanocyte cultures treated with α-MSH or MT-II show significantly reduced CPD formation per unit UV dose — the increased melanin content provides measurable UV absorption before photons reach nuclear DNA Reconstructed human skin equivalents (RHSEs) — three-dimensional models with stratified epidermis containing melanocytes and keratinocytes — show reduced p53 protein accumulation (a marker of UV-induced DNA damage) in melanin-stimulated equivalents versus unstimulated controls following equivalent UV doses The reduction in DNA damage is eumelanin-specific: pheomelanin-dominant cultures (low TYR activity, high pheomelanin: eumelanin ratio) show paradoxically increased CPD formation under some conditions — because pheomelanin photosensitises ROS generation

RESEARCH

Melanotan-2 MC1R/MC4R Non-Selective Mechanism in Research Contexts

The non-selective nature of melanotan-2 makes it a valuable research tool for studying melanocortin system interactions. Precisely because it doesn't isolate one receptor subtype. Studies examining the interplay between pigmentation, appetite regulation, and energy expenditure use melanotan-2 to activate multiple pathways simultaneously, revealing how MC1R and MC4R signalling influence each other in vivo. One area of active investigation: the relationship between melanogenesis and metabolic rate. Some research suggests that MC1R activation in melanocytes may signal indirectly to hypothalamic MC4R neurons via circulating factors, creating a feedback loop where UV exposure, pigmentation, and energy balance communicate at the systemic level. Melanotan-2's dual activation profile allows researchers to bypass UV exposure entirely and observe melanocortin-driven metabolic changes in isolation. For laboratories conducting melanocortin receptor research, peptide purity and sequence accuracy are non-negotiable. Even minor impurities can alter binding affinity ratios between MC1R and MC4R, skewing experimental results. Real Peptides supplies research-grade melanotan-2 with third-party HPLC verification and exact amino-acid sequencing. Ensuring that experimental protocols reflect true melanocortin pharmacology rather than synthesis artifacts. When studying compounds with sub-nanomolar binding affinities across multiple receptor subtypes, batch-to-batch consistency determines whether results replicate or fail. The dual mechanism isn't a limitation in research settings. It's the feature that makes melanotan-2 useful for exploring how melanocortin signalling integrates cosmetic, metabolic, and neuroendocrine pathways in a single model system. Understanding that non-selectivity is what the melanocortin system evolved to do. Coordinate multiple physiological responses through one peptide family. Reframes melanotan-2 from a 'tanning peptide with side effects' to a tool that accurately reflects endogenous biology. If the melanotan-2 MC1R/MC4R non-selective mechanism matters to your research protocols, peptide purity determines whether your data reflects true receptor pharmacology or synthesis contaminants. Verify sequence accuracy and receptor binding profiles before starting any melanocortin study. The difference between a replicable finding and a failed experiment often traces back to compound quality at the procurement stage.

05

Product & matchup locker

Linked catalog and comparison files.

Comparison

Melanotan-2 vs Bremelanotide (PT-141) for Sexual Dysfunction

Melanotan-2 sexual dysfunction research led directly to the development of bremelanotide (PT-141), the only FDA-approved melanocortin agonist for sexual dysfunction. Bremelanotide…

Comparison

MC1R Selectivity vs MC3R/MC4R in MT-II Immune Biology

A critical pharmacological consideration for immune researchers is that MT-II engages MC1R, MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R, while endogenous α-MSH and the reference compound [Nle4-D-Phe7]-α…

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