Source comparison
Mechanistic Comparison: Molecular Targets
Primary pathway Nrf2/HO-1, Cu-SOD mimetic, TGF-β modulation, SP1 transcriptional activation NO/eNOS, VEGF/VEGFR2, EGF-R, NF-κB suppression Copper biology Central: Cu²⁺ delivery to SOD/LOX/PAM enzymes, redox modulation Not relevant: no metal chelation activity
This comparison does not assign a generated winner or score.
- Primary pathway
- Nrf2/HO-1, Cu-SOD mimetic, TGF-β modulation, SP1 transcriptional activation
- NO/eNOS, VEGF/VEGFR2, EGF-R, NF-κB suppression
- Copper biology
- Central: Cu²⁺ delivery to SOD/LOX/PAM enzymes, redox modulation
- Not relevant: no metal chelation activity
- Collagen synthesis
- Direct transcriptional (SP1/Sp3 site), +18-28% COL1A1/COL3A1
- Indirect via VEGF/EGF-R, context-dependent
- Anti-inflammatory
- NF-κB suppression, SOD-mimetic ROS quenching, TGF-β1 modulation
- NF-κB p65 -42-48%, TNF-α/IL-1β/IL-6 -38-44%, broad systemic
- Angiogenesis
- Moderate: VEGF, SOD-dependent NO bioavailability
- Strong: VEGF/VEGFR2 upregulation, EGF-R, tubulogenesis
- Wound healing speed
- Moderate, sustained: collagen quality, MMP balance, antioxidant support
- Rapid: keratinocyte/fibroblast migration, angiogenesis, EGF-R
- CNS/neuroprotection
- Limited direct evidence; indirect via ROS reduction in neuronal models
- Established: TBI, SCI, neuroinflammation (NF-κB, NO, VEGF)
- Organ protection
- Liver (Cu-dependent enzymes), lung (Nrf2), skin (comprehensive)
- Liver, kidney, heart, lung, gut, CNS (broad multi-organ)
- Fibrosis modulation
- Antifibrotic via TGF-β1 suppression, MMP-2/9 upregulation, α-SMA -28-34%
- Context-dependent; primarily pro-regenerative at fibrotic sites
- Ageing biology
- Strong: UPS activation, autophagy induction, DNA repair support, epigenetic targets
- Limited direct evidence in canonical ageing hallmarks
- MW / complexity
- ~402 Da (Cu complex); simple tripeptide
- ~1419 Da; 15-amino acid linear peptide
- Stability in solution
- Moderate; Cu²⁺ coordination pH-sensitive
- High; proline-rich region resists proteolysis
- Natural occurrence
- Yes: endogenous human plasma, urine, saliva
- Synthetic; partial homology with gastric proteins