Source comparison
MOTS-c Delivery Method Comparison
Nasal Spray 40–60% 15–30 minutes Direct via olfactory pathway No sterile prep required; pH-sensitive formulation needed; limited to ~50mg doses Best for daily protocols prioritizing convenience and hypothalamic signaling Subcutaneous Injection 90–95% 30–60 min
This comparison does not assign a generated winner or score.
- Nasal Spray
- 40–60%
- 15–30 minutes
- Direct via olfactory pathway
- No sterile prep required; pH-sensitive formulation needed; limited to ~50mg doses
- Best for daily protocols prioritizing convenience and hypothalamic signaling
- Subcutaneous Injection
- 90–95%
- 30–60 minutes
- Limited (blood-brain barrier dependent)
- Requires reconstitution, sterile technique, injection supplies
- Gold standard for maximizing systemic peptide exposure and dose consistency
- Oral (capsule/tablet)
- 5–15%
- 60–90 minutes (if absorbed)
- Minimal
- Degraded by gastric acid and intestinal enzymes; no reliable transporter
- Not recommended. Bioavailability too low for therapeutic relevance
- Sublingual
- 20–35%
- 10–20 minutes
- Rapid venous drainage; requires sustained contact under tongue
- Moderate bioavailability but inferior to nasal for peptides