Source comparison
MOTS-c Studied Insulin Resistance Research: Comparison Table
USC 2015 (Cell Metabolism) High-fat diet mice 15 mg/kg IP, 12 weeks 27% weight reduction, fasting glucose 215→142 mg/dL AMPK activation via DHFR binding Established foundational mechanism. Direct metabolic benefit in diet-induced obesity model Singapore Genera
This comparison does not assign a generated winner or score.
- USC 2015 (Cell Metabolism)
- High-fat diet mice
- 15 mg/kg IP, 12 weeks
- 27% weight reduction, fasting glucose 215→142 mg/dL
- AMPK activation via DHFR binding
- Established foundational mechanism. Direct metabolic benefit in diet-induced obesity model
- Singapore General 2021
- Human Phase I (n=24)
- 5–20 mg SC 3×/week, 4 weeks
- Fasting glucose −14 mg/dL, fasting insulin −11% at 15 mg
- Not mechanistically assessed in trial
- Demonstrated human safety and preliminary glycemic efficacy signal
- Tohoku 2023
- Human exercise trial (n=36)
- 10 mg SC pre-exercise, single dose
- Lactate −19%, glucose clearance 23 min faster
- Improved mitochondrial oxidative capacity
- Showed acute metabolic benefit during physical stress. Suggests performance application beyond glucose control
- Alabama 2025
- Prediabetic adults (n=48)
- 15 mg SC 3×/week, 12 weeks
- HbA1c 6.1%→5.8%, HOMA-IR −28%, fat loss with lean mass preservation
- Not mechanistically characterized
- Longest human trial to date. HbA1c shift clinically meaningful for prediabetes reversal trajectory
- Korean metabolic study 2024
- Type 2 diabetic mice
- 10 mg/kg IP daily, 8 weeks
- Hepatic glucose production −34%, muscle glucose uptake +41%
- Suppression of G6Pase and PEPCK gene expression in liver
- Demonstrated dual action. Both reduced hepatic output and increased peripheral uptake